Behaviorism—the idea that all learning occurs via stimulus-response associations—arose to counter Victorian psychology, was championed in Soviet Russia to create a New Soviet Man, and influenced generations of Americans. A philosophical critique of behaviorism has been presented by Ayn Rand and others, but few know the scientific critique. In this talk, Dr. Opfer reviews experimental research that critically undermined the behaviorist theory and supported the most important development in the history of psychology—the cognitive revolution.